Tuesday, 5 July 2016

Junior doctors reject new contract

Junior doctors and medical students in England have voted to reject the contract that has been offered to them by the government. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

It’s safe to prescribe fewer antibiotics for coughs and colds

A study of 610 general practices has found that efforts to curb the spread of antibiotic resistance do not lead to more complications like meningitis via New Scientist - Health Read More Here..

Antidepressant prescribing doubles in a decade

Over 61 million prescriptions were written last year compared with 31.6 million in 2005

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55 million patients set to access GP records online

Test results, bookings and diagnoses available online from 95% of GP practices

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Doctors call for ‘major shift’ away from cars

Local authorities must encourage walking, cycling and public transport to cut pollution

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CQC orders improvements to GP out-of-hours service

Inspectors found delays in answering calls and poor training of triage staff

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Zika virus: pregnant women advised to avoid Olympics

Chief Medical Officer issues series of tips to protect from contracting the virus in Brazil

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HPV cervical cancer test introduced in England

The NHS in England is introducing a "superior" test for cervical cancer that experts say should spot an extra 600 cancers a year. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Hundreds of babies born drug-dependent

Almost one in 500 babies in hospitals in England is born dependent on substances their mother took while pregnant, a BBC investigation finds. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Obese people rescued by firefighters more than 100 times

Firefighters in Scotland are called out to rescue obese people from their own homes more than 100 times in just over three years. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Fertility treatment 'works for most'

Nearly three out of four couples that begin fertility treatment will eventually become parents, long-term studies suggest. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Fungal infection 'threat' to human health

Fungal infections kill more people than malaria or breast cancer, but are not considered a priority warn scientists. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

'Uncertainty' in NHS over Brexit

The likely impact of Brexit is also being closely examined by senior figures in the NHS, who warn that recruitment could suffer. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Monday, 4 July 2016

Gut bacteria spotted eating brain chemicals for the first time

The discovery of gut bacteria that need the calming chemical GABA to survive could explain why bacteria seem to influence our mood via New Scientist - Health Read More Here..

How Do We Improve Our Working Memory?

Our working memory refers to the ability to recall as well as process information, and is a type of memory that plays an important role throughout the course of our life. As such, it is evident that boosting working memory would improve various aspects of our lives, running the spectrum from our days in school to work life and even stretching to our post-retirement years.

By today’s standards, there is unfortunately no clear “best” way to improve our working memory. There is a silver lining though – a few methods have actually shown potentially promising results in enhancing our cognitive performance in this aspect. These include:

  • training the brain
  • taking medications
  • stimulating the brain.

Training our brains

Training the brain has been advocated as an effective way to improve our cognitive function. This is typically carried out via a series of computerized tests that are administered on a regular basis. An example of brain training is so-called core training, which generally requires the participant to perform repetitions of demanding memory tasks, in order to target mechanisms involved in the development and/or consolidation of working memory.

Some principles in these learning paradigms include minimizing automation, placing encoding and retrieval demands on working memory, as well as ensuring a high cognitive workload for participants.

In addition, there is often a focus on frequently refreshing one’s memory in conjunction with sequential processing-related tasks. Though not unequivocal, studies have shown some degree of post-training cognitive improvements, suggesting that training the brain in our own time could in fact have similar effects too.

Using medications to improve brain function

Strange though it may seem, medications used in managing psychiatric disorders are often able to improve performance of healthy people. For instance, stimulants such as Adderall ,which are primarily prescribed for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), have been used for enhancing cognitive performance.

The effects of such drugs on the catecholamine system implies that the executive functions of those who consume them would be increased. As a result, this leads to an improvement in the ability to process information stored in working memory and also focus the attention on a task at hand. However, the safety and efficacy of such drugs when administered to improve cognition in healthy individuals is not well established.

Brain stimulation and cognition improvement

Non-invasive stimulation of brain areas could possbily enhance working memory performance as well. For instance, scientists have tried applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to a brain region called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This region is involved in holding items in working memory and the study found that such stimulation may be able to improve working memory, though the findings were not conclusive. More importantly, the aforementioned findings would suggest that there could be novel and safe ways to enhance cognition waiting to be discovered.

Case study: does the way we run affect our working memory?

A recent study showed for the first time that even how we run could affect our cognitive performance: running barefoot was reported to improve working memory performance when compared with running while wearing shoes. In particular, the critical importance of working memory as a cognitive skill means that the findings described here could feasibly provide a light-hearted and relaxing way for people to improve their working memory.

This study involved a total of 72 volunteers whose ages ranged from 18 to 44. The participants ran for approximately 16 minutes under both barefoot conditions as well as when they were wearing shoes. The speed of the run was at a self-selected pace comfortable for each individual and a measurement of working memory was carried out prior to and after the run.

Amazingly, there was a significant increase of approximately 16 percent in working memory performance for the condition in which the participants ran barefoot. In contrast, no significant changes in working memory were observed when participants took part in the run while wearing shoes. Similarly, the heart rate and running speed of the volunteers were not reported to have any significant effect on their working memory performance.

Notably, when we are running barefoot, we frequently have to avoid accidentally stepping on objects that could potentially hurt out feet. This leads to us generally monitoring our foot placement more to ensure greater precision of where we step. Hence, in order to simulate outdoors barefoot running, the volunteers in the study had to step on flat objects while they were running. In this regard, it would then be logical to surmise that the barefoot condition required more intensive demands on working memory in view of the increased tactile requirements of running barefoot as compared to running with shoes. This would in turn account for the gains in working memory concluded from the findings.

Reaching for the stars – is becoming a genius overnight possible?

Taken together, many challenges remain in this particular line of research in learning and memory given that our working memory is not one simple process under the control of a single brain region. As such, it is important to understand that research on enhancing working memory remains controversial as a large part pertains to whether these methods improve intelligence in general or a set of selected cognitive functions.

Furthermore, there is always the concern of any potential health and ethical issues related to such modifications, implying that there would be lots of red tape in the foreseeable future for breakthroughs in this field. Nevertheless, this remains an exciting and dynamic area of study that is sure to intrigue many for generations to come given the numerous changes and benefits it could well bring about to people.

References

Alloway, R., Alloway, T., Magyari, P., & Floyd, S. (2016). An Exploratory Study Investigating the Effects of Barefoot Running on Working Memory Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122 (2), 432-443 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516640391

Greely, H., Sahakian, B., Harris, J., Kessler, R., Gazzaniga, M., Campbell, P., & Farah, M. (2008). Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy Nature, 456 (7223), 702-705 DOI: 10.1038/456702a

Morrison, A., & Chein, J. (2010). Does working memory training work? The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18 (1), 46-60 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-010-0034-0

Mulquiney, P., Hoy, K., Daskalakis, Z., & Fitzgerald, P. (2011). Improving working memory: Exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Clinical Neurophysiology, 122 (12), 2384-2389 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.05.009

Image via jeonsango / Pixabay.

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Fertility boost through 'energy test'

Testing the "energy supply" in an embryo could improve the odds of having a baby through IVF, a study suggests. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Filthy Romans: Dirty secrets of the bath-obsessed ancients

The Romans brought their famous baths and toilets to three continents, so how come they left places more unhygienic than they found them? via New Scientist - Health Read More Here..

Nurse leader issues statement to reassure EU nurses

EU nurses ‘absolutely essential’ says RCN chief

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Public confused over frozen food safety

Review announced on date marking

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More junior doctors to train in Scotland

General practice still has vacancies

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Endometrial scratching may help couples conceive

Review suggests a benefit but data quality is low

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No improvement in mental health outcomes in Wales

Access to care also in stalemate, survey shows

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A visual tour of the weird world of the cryogenically frozen

From freezers in the basement to sheds in the garden, cryonics and the promise of a second life has captured many imaginations. Here are some of those stories via New Scientist - Health Read More Here..

Woman wins appeal to use dead daughter's eggs

A woman who wants to use her dead daughter's frozen eggs to give birth to her own grandchild has won a Court of Appeal battle. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Frozen food safety confusion causing waste, warns FSA

Confusion about frozen food safety is contributing to millions of tonnes of waste being thrown out by UK households every year, the Food Standards Agency warns. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Blooming health

A growing body of research suggests gardening is good for both physical and mental health. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..

Sunday, 3 July 2016

Coping with Grief and Loss: The Five Stages

The stages of mourning and grief are universal and are experienced by people from all walks of life. Mourning occurs in response to an individual’s own terminal illness, the loss of a close relationship, or to the death of a valued being, human or animal. There are five stages of normal grief that were first proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her 1969 book “On Death and Dying.”

In our bereavement, we spend different lengths of time working through each step and express each stage with different levels of intensity. The five stages do not necessarily occur in any specific order. We often move between stages before achieving a more peaceful acceptance of death. Many of us are not afforded the luxury of time required to achieve this final stage of grief.

The death of your loved one might inspire you to evaluate your own feelings of mortality. Throughout each stage, a common thread of hope emerges: As long as there is life, there is hope. As long as there is hope, there is life.

Many people do not experience the stages in the order listed below, which is okay. The key to understanding the stages is not to feel like you must go through every one of them, in precise order. Instead, it’s more helpful to look at them as guides in the grieving process — it helps you understand and put into context where you are.

All, keep in mind — all people grieve differently. Some people will wear their emotions on their sleeve and be outwardly emotional. Others will experience their grief more internally, and may not cry. You should try and not judge how a person experiences their grief, as each person will experience it differently.

1. Denial and Isolation

The first reaction to learning of terminal illness or death of a cherished loved one is to deny the reality of the situation. It is a normal reaction to rationalize overwhelming emotions. It is a defense mechanism that buffers the immediate shock. We block out the words and hide from the facts. This is a temporary response that carries us through the first wave of pain.

2. Anger

As the masking effects of denial and isolation begin to wear, reality and its pain re-emerge. We are not ready. The intense emotion is deflected from our vulnerable core, redirected and expressed instead as anger. The anger may be aimed at inanimate objects, complete strangers, friends or family. Anger may be directed at our dying or deceased loved one. Rationally, we know the person is not to be blamed. Emotionally, however, we may resent the person for causing us pain or for leaving us. We feel guilty for being angry, and this makes us more angry.

Remember, grieving is a personal process that has no time limit, nor one “right” way to do it.

The doctor who diagnosed the illness and was unable to cure the disease might become a convenient target. Health professionals deal with death and dying every day. That does not make them immune to the suffering of their patients or to those who grieve for them.

Do not hesitate to ask your doctor to give you extra time or to explain just once more the details of your loved one’s illness. Arrange a special appointment or ask that he telephone you at the end of his day. Ask for clear answers to your questions regarding medical diagnosis and treatment. Understand the options available to you. Take your time.

3. Bargaining

The normal reaction to feelings of helplessness and vulnerability is often a need to regain control–

  • If only we had sought medical attention sooner…
  • If only we got a second opinion from another doctor…
  • If only we had tried to be a better person toward them…

Secretly, we may make a deal with God or our higher power in an attempt to postpone the inevitable. This is a weaker line of defense to protect us from the painful reality.

4. Depression

Two types of depression are associated with mourning. The first one is a reaction to practical implications relating to the loss. Sadness and regret predominate this type of depression. We worry about the costs and burial. We worry that, in our grief, we have spent less time with others that depend on us. This phase may be eased by simple clarification and reassurance. We may need a bit of helpful cooperation and a few kind words.

The second type of depression is more subtle and, in a sense, perhaps more private. It is our quiet preparation to separate and to bid our loved one farewell. Sometimes all we really need is a hug.

Do you suffer from complicated grief?
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5. Acceptance

Reaching this stage of mourning is a gift not afforded to everyone. Death may be sudden and unexpected or we may never see beyond our anger or denial. It is not necessarily a mark of bravery to resist the inevitable and to deny ourselves the opportunity to make our peace. This phase is marked by withdrawal and calm. This is not a period of happiness and must be distinguished from depression.

Loved ones that are terminally ill or aging appear to go through a final period of withdrawal. This is by no means a suggestion that they are aware of their own impending death or such, only that physical decline may be sufficient to produce a similar response. Their behavior implies that it is natural to reach a stage at which social interaction is limited. The dignity and grace shown by our dying loved ones may well be their last gift to us.

Coping with loss is ultimately a deeply personal and singular experience — nobody can help you go through it more easily or understand all the emotions that you’re going through. But others can be there for you and help comfort you through this process. The best thing you can do is to allow yourself to feel the grief as it comes over you. Resisting it only will prolong the natural process of healing.

This guest article originally appeared on PsychCentral.com:The 5 Stages of Loss & Grief

RESOURCES

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Saturday, 2 July 2016

Does Our Heartbeat Influence Our Sensory Awareness?

We don’t usually sense our heartbeat. Clearly, our brain somehow shuts down the perception of our heartbeat. How and why this happens is mostly unknown, but a new study published in The Journal of Neuroscience has unveiled some of the possible mechanisms and purposes underlying the silencing of our heartbeat.

The heart takes shape very early in embryonic development, around just two weeks after fertilization. About a week later, the heart starts beating and divides into chambers. Give it another week, and blood is already flowing through the embryo at an impressive rate of up to 160 heartbeats per minute. At this stage in embryonic development, the brain is still forming, so it’s safe to say that our heartbeat has been present since way before we could even perceive anything.

The main goal of the recent study was to unpack the effect of the so-called interoceptive (internal) signals, specifically the heartbeat, on visual awareness. Using visual awareness tasks, along with brain imaging techniques, it was studied how the heartbeat could modulate the perception of visual stimuli. The results were fascinating.

Subjects were presented with a visual stimulus consisting of a flashing yellow octagon. It was shown that the timing of the visual stimuli with respect to the heartbeat had a clear influence on visual awareness: when the visual stimulus was presented asynchronously to their heartbeat, the participants could immediately identify the target image as a yellow octagon; however, when the image was flashing at the same rhythm as their heartbeat, the participants would take longer to be aware of the yellow octagon.

The participants were then subjected to a visual discrimination task where they were presented with a flashing letter-shaped target image that was surrounded by eight similar images (distractors) displayed constantly, making the target image harder to perceive. When the target image was flashed synchronously to their heartbeat, its identification was less accurate than when it was presented asynchronously.

These findings therefore serve as evidence for a direct effect of our heartbeat on how an external visual stimulus is perceived. However, it was not the perception of the heartbeat that influenced the perception of vision since it was shown that the subjects were not aware of the synchronous rhythm.

fMRI experiments showed that there was a region in the brain, the insular cortex, that was sensitive to this cardio–visual synchrony. When the target images flashed asynchronously with the heartbeat, and the subjects perceived them easily, the insular cortex showed a normal functioning; when the flashing was in sync, on the other hand, and the subjects were less aware of the target image, the insular cortex was less active. This area of the brain is believed to enable the merging of internal and external signals, and to underlie self-awareness and bodily perception.

So, what was shown in this study was that the processing of visual stimuli that match internal cardiac signals tends to be unconsciously avoided by the brain. And it has been previously shown that the heartbeat can also affect other sensory stimuli, such as auditory, tactile, or painful stimuli. But what does that mean?

As the authors suggest, this may be due to the conflicting requirements of monitoring the heartbeat and perceiving the external world. Selectively blocking sensory information that is presented at the same rhythm as the heartbeat may be a mechanism that drives awareness away from our heartbeat, most likely to prevent internal sensations from intruding in our sensory perception of external events.

It’s as if being aware of our heartbeat would be too overwhelming to allow us to accurately notice the outside. Which actually makes sense: awareness of one’s heartbeat often occurs in the context of fear and anxiety, for example, and that is never pleasant.

References

Craig, A. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3 (8), 655-666 DOI: 10.1038/nrn894

Edwards, L., Ring, C., McIntyre, D., & Carroll, D. (2001). Modulation of the human nociceptive flexion reflex across the cardiac cycle Psychophysiology, 38 (4), 712-718 DOI: 10.1111/1469-8986.3840712

Karnath, H. (2005). Awareness of the Functioning of One’s Own Limbs Mediated by the Insular Cortex? Journal of Neuroscience, 25 (31), 7134-7138 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1590-05.2005

Macefield, V. (2003). Cardiovascular and Respiratory Modulation of Tactile Afferents in the Human Finger Pad Experimental Physiology, 88 (5), 617-625 DOI: 10.1113/eph8802548

Salomon, R., Ronchi, R., Donz, J., Bello-Ruiz, J., Herbelin, B., Martet, R., Faivre, N., Schaller, K., & Blanke, O. (2016). The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat Journal of Neuroscience, 36 (18), 5115-5127 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4262-15.2016

Image via alegria2014 / Pixabay.

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Friday, 1 July 2016

Gut bacteria spotted eating brain chemicals for the first time

The discovery of gut bacteria that need the calming chemical GABA to survive could explain why bacteria seem to influence our mood via New Scientist - Health Read More Here..

Johnson seeks to calm scientists’ Brexit fears

The minister promises to act if scientists are discriminated against in projects while UK remains in the EU

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3 Treatments Seem to Help Combat Binge-Eating Disorder

Review finds these methods may aid those with the most common eating disorder in the U.S.
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Handle Fireworks with Care on the Fourth

Take steps to avoid injury while celebrating independence
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E-Cigs May Damage Cells in Mouth

Findings suggest a possible increase in the risk of oral disease, researchers say

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Jobs with the Highest Suicide Rates

Farmers, fishermen and foresters have more than 5 times the average odds, CDC says

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Memory Loss: Normal or a Sign of Trouble?

Everyone experiences some forgetfulness, but the FDA explains when to be concerned

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FDA Approves Eye Implant for Aging Boomers

Tiny lens reshapes cornea to improve focus on small print, objects close to you

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Hundreds of U.S. Clinics Sell Unapproved Stem Cell 'Therapies'

Study identifies hot spots around the country

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Why Some Seniors Don't Take Their Meds

Age, failing memory play a role, but gender might matter, too, study finds

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Gene Tied to Breast Cancer Raises Uterine Cancer Risk Too

Women with BRCA1 may want to consider preventive removal of uterus, researcher says
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Malaria Vaccine Protection Short-Lived in Young Children

Kids in study were given 3 doses, but manufacturer now says 4 doses needed

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Inherited Cholesterol Disorder Significantly Boosts Heart Risks

Untreated, the condition also makes arteries age decades faster, study reports

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Men Face Greater Risk of Cardiac Arrest

Heart disease tends to develop earlier than it does in women, researchers say

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Uncle Sam Wants You ... Slimmer

Obesity affects 1 in 5 military members, study finds
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Video May Aid End-of-Life Decision-Making

Brief film helped heart failure patients understand their options, study says

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Melanoma diagnoses hit 10,000 a year for over 55s

Rates rising much faster in over 55s than in younger people

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BRCA1 gene mutation increases risk of deadly uterine cancer

The gene mutation was already known to increase risk of cancer of the breast and ovary

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Virtual reality lets you stroll around a breast cancer cell

Medical researchers are using virtual reality to create accurate, explorable versions of our insides. Alice Klein goes for a walk via New Scientist - Health Read More Here..

Deaths from alcohol-related diseases rise by 4% in a year

The number of alcohol-related deaths have risen by 13% in a decade, official figures show

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Database of pharmaceutical industry payments to doctors goes live

70% of health professionals have consented to being named on the database

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'Civil war' in immune system can fight disease

The immune system can be trained to attack itself to reverse a devastating autoimmune disease, in animals. via BBC News - Health Read More Here..